Public Police and Private Security Free Essays

The public police industry has never had a close relationship with the private security profession. Public police officers have typically viewed private security as â€Å"law enforcement wanna-bes† (p. 247, Clifford, 2004). We will write a custom essay sample on Public Police and Private Security or any similar topic only for you Order Now Private security is viewed this way because the training requirements are different and in many ways less extensive than what is required of public police officers (Australian Institute of Criminology, 1998). This has been a controversial issue in the past but in recent years has been changing for the better. Private and public security agencies have begun to bridge the gaps between the two industries. Private security professionals have been given a bad reputation in the past because of the many abuses of power and the misunderstandings of the main goals of private security. Take for example, Allan Pinkerton started his own security firm in the 1800s and was not very well liked by many for the program he devised to protect railroad companies from internal threats (Clifford, 2004). Many people thought he and his company were out to get them which brought about negative feelings toward him. This very same feeling that security companies are out to get people is still alive today and some security professionals are even less respected today. Many people view private security in a negative light because they believe them to be minimum wage help and uneducated. This feeling toward private security has led to stereotypes in which they are called â€Å"Rent-a-Cops† and other derogatory names. Currently, many individuals are working to change the negative image that is associated with private security. Police officers also have been given a bad reputation because of the actions of some people who have been on-the-job in the past. Many law suits and uprisings have been a result of the American people’s inability to trust and their dislike of police officers. However, like the security industry, they too, are working to make the industry more professional and regain the trust of the people. There has been an increase in the training as well as the policies and procedure which police officers must follow while performing their duties in order to protect the communities and the constitutional rights of each individual. The two industries have made few attempts to integrate in the past but this fact is changing (Gunter Kidwell, 2004). There has been a shift toward increasing public and private security cooperation and abilities to work together in recent years which has been increasing the level of safety that both industries have been able to provide. The private security industry has almost unlimited funding has made available resources for new technology which it has begun to share with law enforcement to increase the efficiency of both operations. One example is Bank of America and their security professionals working with government agencies to provide information and resources regarding identity theft including strategies and training to detect and prevent this crime from happening (White, 2008). Another example, Target has built its own crime labs in an effort to thwart crime against their company which have also made available to local police agencies to aid in the investigation of crime (International Association of Chiefs of Police, 2012). These cooperative efforts are helping to prevent crime as well as bringing the two industries together for a common goal. Public and private policing agencies, however, have different objectives and liabilities in mind with respect to their duties (Li, 2009). Public policing has the safety and security of the public and property in an entire jurisdiction in mind (Li, 2009). They are not focused on just one property in general but all properties and individuals in that particular jurisdiction. Private security on the other hand, is only concerned with the property or area they contracted to protect. The often look out for the interests of the people or businesses that employ them and must remain profitable businesses themselves (Clifford, 2004). Public police are employed by the government and must uphold the Constitution and funding is done with taxpayer money. They have many restrictions which have been derived from the Constitution and they must strictly adhere to the document (Clifford, 2004). Private security companies are not governed by the constitution and are afforded more freedoms when it comes to their policies and procedures (Clifford, 2004). Also, the personnel who employed by the private security industry are not nearly as liable for their actions as public police officers. Public police officers can actually be sued directly for violations of an individual’s constitutional rights. These differences and others have been the differences that have divided the public and private security industry for years. A good cooperative relationship is what the public and private security industry needs. I believe this may begin to be achieved by more government regulation on private security companies as far as employee training and education. Many private security firms do not pay their employees well, they do not train them well, and they hire low class individuals. This must stop if the two industries will ever fully be cooperative. Likewise, public policing agencies must work toward involving private security companies in the safety of the community on a regular basis. More interaction between both industries will help develop a relationship of mutual respect between officers and agencies. How to cite Public Police and Private Security, Essay examples

Plato and Pericles free essay sample

In this essay I would like to talk about the nature of sophism and how it changes religion, politics and education. In the first part of my essay I am going to define the meaning of sophism, in the second part I am going to talk about the connection of sophism and aristocrats, in the third part of my essay I am going to talk about the changes in religion with the help of sophism; in the fourth part I will examine the changes in decision-making and in last part I will talk about Socrates use of cross-examination to find out the meaning of the oracle’s message. As a source of information I am going to use Plutarch’s essays Pericles and Alcibiades, Plato’s Apology and Crito, and Thucydides’ Peloponnesian War. I The meaning of sophism. In Athens all young aristocrats were getting traditional education in gymnasium. They studied music, poetry, mathematics, athletics, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Plato and Pericles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But for some wealthy aristocrats it was not the only education they were getting, they had private tutors that taught them sophism. A number of sources proves the fact that many successful and famous leaders in Athens had sophist teachers. Pericles was one of the most popular leaders in ancient Greece. He had three teachers named Damon, Zeno, and Anaxagoras. Damon was a sophist who taught music. He was teaching Pericles how to speak with confidence, how to use words to affect human psychology. He was using music to show him the art of giving a good speech: â€Å"This Damon appears to have been a sophist of the highest order, who used his musical teaching as a screen to conceal his real talents from the world in general; in fact it was he who trained Pericles for his political contests, much as a masseur or trainer prepares an athlete. (Pericles, p. 168, par. 4). Pericles was also taught by Zeno. Zeno was lecturing him on natural science (biology and astronomy) and the technique of cross-examination. And, the third teacher that Pericles had was Anaxagoras to whom he was very close. Anaxagoras taught Pericles how to deal with Gods, omens and oracles. The teacher also taught Pericles how to properly dress, behave, and act before the audience. Anaxagoras was playing a role of all educators combined in one: â€Å"But here was one man more closely associated with Pericles than any ther, who did most to clothe him with a majestic bearing that was more potent than any demagogue’s appeal, and who helped to develop the natural dignity of his character to the highest degree. † (Pericles, p. 168-169, par. 4) All three teachers were teaching Pericles different subjects but if summoned together it would be easy to understand what sophism is. It is the knowledge of science, rhetoric and cross-examination. The meaning of sophism can also be found in Plato’s Apology where he describes the charges against Socrates. Socrates is charged on account of being a sophist because he uses cross-examination to make weaker argument defeat stronger, because he teaches science and supposedly is getting paid for it, and because he knows science he can easily give a scientific explanation to any omen which means that he does not believe in Gods: â€Å"Socrates is committing an injustice, in that he inquires into things below the earth and in the sky, and makes the weaker argument defeat the stronger, and teaches others to follow his example. (Apology, p. 41, par. 19b) II Sophism and Aristocrats. Sophism is the only way aristocrats can get power over peasants. The most powerful leaders in Athens had sophist teachers who would teach them how to use words to manipulate people’s minds. One of the brightest examples is Pericles. He proved that rhetoric â€Å"in Plato’s phrase, is the art of working upon the souls of men by means of words† (Pericles, p. 182, par. 15). The ability to play with peoples’ emotions and speak in persuasive way helped Pericles to manage a chaos among the population of Athens: â€Å"There were as might be excepted, all kinds of disorders to be found among a mass of citizens who possessed an empire as great as that of Athens, and Pericles was the only one man capable of keeping each of this under control. † (Pericles, p. 182, par. 15) Pericles exercised political interest through giving speeches. He became very popular and earned his name in political arena by mastering oratory skills. His manner of speaking helped him to become the best of all speakers in Athens. Pericles was great as a leader, and he used all his skills as a logical man in order to occupy Athenians who weren’t involved in the army and who were unskilled. Because he did not want them to just get benefited from national income for doing nothing, he proposed to them different plans for public works and buildings where all kinds of industries could be involved. Since he didn’t have money of his own he was spending public money for building, and that is what he was accused of by Thucydides and other members of his party. Using the knowledge of psychology of people, Pericles knew how to persuade people in the Assembly. He didn’t have his own money, but still made the Athenians believe as though he did; and his reply to the accusation was as follows: â€Å"Very well then, do not let it be charged to the public account but to my own, and I will dedicate all the public building in my name† (Pericles, p. 181, par. 14). Because Pericles knew that people would not accept his proposition for the reason that the people put their work into the structure of the buildings, he was able to convince Athenians to let him use the public money even more. Further, whoever criticized Pericles was forced to exile from the city of Athens. Another bright example of a powerful leader who had a sophist teacher is Alcibiades. His teacher was Socrates. Not only did Alcibiades have good looks but he also was very educated which helped him to go through a lot of traps set by his opponents. However, being a sophist could hurt an aristocrat too. That is what Alcibiades felt for himself. Because his opponents knew his weak spot, being a sophist, they were putting traps everywhere he turned. Since religion was very sacred in ancient Greece anybody who didn’t believe in the gods was charged with atheism. The charge of atheism was very serious: â€Å"†¦anybody who did not believe in the gods or taught theories about celestial phenomena should be liable to prosecution. † (Pericles, p. 198, par. 32). Atheism and science went hand-in-hand at that time. Atheism was not tolerated; anyone who did not tolerate the Gods had to be punished. Not only that, if one had a scientific answer for the natural causes, he would be considered to be an atheist. Alcibiades was taught science and therefore knew explanations for the natural causes and apparently did not believe in Gods. One of the first accusations that Alcibiades had to face was when one of his biggest enemies Androcles brought slaves into Assembly to testify on the account that Alcibiades and his friends made fun of Gods: â€Å"†¦ accused Alcibiades and his friends of having disfigured other sacred images and parodied the Mysteries of Eleusis in one of their drunken revels. † (Alcibiades, p. 263, par. 19) And these charges were put before him right at the time when he was supposed to sail off to the sea. He sailed to the sea but the charges were still on his record. However, later on he was still condemned by default. His teacher was also charged on the account of being a sophist. Although his teacher was not a politician, he was using cross-examination to find out who was the wisest man on earth and prove that oracle is not the right thing to believe in. People knew he was a student of Anaxagoras, who was a known sophist and in his turn was also smuggled out of the city, but Socrates was denying his interest in science and politics. The only thing he could not deny is use of cross-examination because of which he was condemned to death. III Religion and Sophism: What before was considered as omens and signs from Gods, after sophism, it could be easily explained as something unusual but predictable. The science became a natural explanation for what ancient Greeks thought of signs and omens. Anaxagoras gave a natural explanation to a one-horned ram, which was thought to be a sign of one leader instead of two. At that time the city of Athens was led by two people Thucydides and Pericles; and, when Lampon, the soothsayer, saw that the ram had one horn he said the power would be concentrated in the hands of one leader. However, Anaxagoras was able to explain the reason why the animal had one horn: â€Å"Anaxagoras, on the other hand, had the scull dissected and proceeded to demonstrate that the brain had not filled its natural space, but had contracted in to a point like an egg at that place in the cavity from which the horn grew. † (Pericles, p. 170, par. 6). Pericles learned from Anaxagoras that there are no such things as signs from Gods. Only people who lacked education were superstitious and would think that any unusual behavior of nature were omens and signs from Gods and they would fear them to the point of madness. However, Pericles had knowledge of natural causes which was letting him sleep peacefully without worries. It seemed as though, Thucydides was a sophist himself; it could be seen from the way he was talking about omens and oracles in his book The Peloponnesian War. In the Acropolis, there was a peace of land that was under a curse and it was forbidden to live there. According to Pythian oracle, if someone was to put his house there, a misfortune would come to Athens. However, during the war people had to move from one place to the other and, finally, they had to move to that forbidden place. As Thucydides says, people interpreted oracles’ message as though the war came because they moved to the forbidden place. However, people forgot that the war came first and everything came backwards. Thucydides said that the oracle did not predict anything but people, accustomed to believing in oracles’ messages, interpreted it as a true message from Gods. Another example of sophist explanation to an omen is when Thucydides gives a scientific explanation to an eclipse of the sun that usually happens during the beginning of a new lunar month which obviously suggests that Thucydides had a sophist teacher to teach him understand natural causes. IV Decision-making: Sophism put a tremendous impact on politics. During the Mytilenian debate, it is seen how decision over the punishment of the Mytilenians changes from one side to completely different. In the beginning of the debate, Cleon was saying that if one makes up his mind it is once and for all. His point was to punish the Mytilenians and make an example out of them. Through discussions and with help of Diodotus, Athenians understood that discussions played an important part in their decision-making. With the discussions of possible causes of the punishment, Athenians could visualize what would happen if they made an example out of the punishment of Mytilenians. In the end of the debate, as Thucydides puts in, the votes were still about equal but Diodotus’ motion was passed. These discussion were taking place in a year of 427bc, however, Thucydides describes in his book another debate. This debate was not among the Athenians, it was between the Athenians and Melians; and, this debate took place in a year of 416/5bc. The reason why Athenians were having discussions with Melians was that the Melians were the islanders and in Athenian understanding they were supposed to be under their control. The Athenians had a very rational argument saying that it was in Melians best to agree to their negotiations. However, Melians, having a much smaller army than Athenians, were still hoping to get lucky. Through their discussion, it is noticeable how Athenians changed their position over the manner of the debate in comparison to the Mytilenian debate. During the debate the Athenians directly attack the use of oracles and omens: â€Å"†¦turn to what is blind and vague, to prophecies and oracles and such things which by encouraging hope lead to men to ruin. † (Peloponnesian War, p. 404, par. 103) Over time, it appears that sophism played an important role in changing Athenian way of decision-making and understanding of omens and oracles which played an important role during wars. V Socrates and cross-examination: The purpose of cross-examination is to point out internal contradictions, and once you remove internal contradictions the truth and logical consistence will remain. The oracle of Apollo said that Socrates was the wisest man. Using omens and oracles were problematic. The way a sophist tried to find out what oracle is trying to say is by using technical analyses. However, the jury didn’t understand the true symbolic meaning of oracle’s statement and took it literally, charging Socrates on the account of sophism and atheism. Socrates was cross-examining people with different occupations, professions, and backgrounds, in search for the wisest man. He came to a conclusion of the symbolic meaning of oracle’s statement: â€Å"The truth of the matter, gentlemen, is likely to be this: that real wisdom is the property of the god, and this oracle is his way of telling us that human wisdom has a little or no value†¦ â€Å"The wisest of you men is he who has realized, like Socrates, that in respect of wisdom he really worthless. †Ã¢â‚¬  (Apology, p. 46, par 23b). As a result Socrates was also charged not only on the account of being a sophist but also in corrupting the young aristocrats. The young aristocrats misunderstood the true meaning of â€Å"the wisest man†, started cross-examining everybody and found a number of people â€Å"who think that they know something, but really know little or nothing. † (Apology, p. 46, par. 22e. ). The result of these cross-examinations by young aristocrats was the irritation and anger at Socrates which led to his death. However, even after being sentenced to death Socrates proved to be just and logical. After having last speech with his beloved friend Crito, who wanted Socrates to escape from prison, Socrates spoke with the voice of â€Å"Laws of Athens†. He pointed out to his friend by cross-examining different positions of his situation that by the â€Å"Law of Athens† Socrates would be acting unjustly and against the law and that was also against his moral believes: † Socrates will achieve nothing by escaping: the stigma of a law-breaker will attach to him wherever he goes, it will make a mockery of his past moral views, and it will not help his sons. † (Crito, p. 94, par. 53a) Socrates was one of the most famous Athenians who were not using cross-examination for politics but for moral issues. In conclusion, sophism can be defined as knowledge of science, rhetoric and cross-examination. At that time, it was very beneficial but cruel at the same time. Sophist could give a scientific explanation to unusual but predictable causes of nature. The art of rhetoric could benefit any aristocrat who wanted to get people voices. Through cross-examination and discussions, people could find out real truth so that innocent people would not be blamed for other’s wrongdoings. However, at that time being a sophism was punishable even if you were not a politician. And, that is what happened to Socrates who was using cross-examination to contradict the meaning of the oracle.

Understanding State Terrorism

Understanding State Terrorism â€Å"State terrorism† is as controversial a concept as that of terrorism itself. Terrorism is often, though not always, defined in terms of four characteristics: The threat or use of violence;A political objective; the desire to change the status quo;The intention to spread fear by committing spectacular public acts;The intentional targeting of civilians. It is this last element - targeting innocent civilians - that stands out in efforts to distinguish state terrorism from other forms of state violence. Declaring war and sending the military to fight other militaries is not terrorism, nor is the use of violence to punish criminals who have been convicted of violent crimes. History of State Terrorism In theory, it is not so difficult to distinguish an act of state terrorism, especially when we look at the most dramatic examples history offers. There is, of course, the French governments reign of terror that brought us the concept of terrorism in the first place. Shortly after the overthrow of the French monarchy in 1793, a revolutionary dictatorship was established and with it the decision to root out anyone who might oppose or undermine the revolution. Tens of thousands of civilians were killed by guillotine for a variety of crimes. In the 20th century, authoritarian states systematically committed to using violence and extreme versions of threat against their own civilians exemplify the premise of state terrorism. Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union under Stalins rule are frequently cited as historical cases of state terrorism. The form of government, in theory, bears on the tendency of a state to resort to terrorism. Military dictatorships have often maintained power through terror. Such governments, as the authors of a book about Latin American state terrorism have noted, can virtually paralyze a society through violence and its threat: In such contexts, fear is a paramount feature of social action; it is characterized by the inability of social actors [people] to predict the consequences of their behavior because public authority is arbitrarily and brutally exercised. (​Fear at the Edge: State Terror and Resistance in Latin America, Eds. Juan E. Corradi, Patricia Weiss Fagen, and Manuel Antonio Garreton, 1992). Democracies and Terrorism However, many would argue that democracies are also capable of terrorism. The two most prominently argued cases, in this regard, are the United States and Israel. Both are elected democracies with substantial safeguards against violations of their citizens civil rights. However, Israel has for many years been characterized by critics as perpetrating a form of terrorism against the population of the territories it has occupied since 1967. The United States is also routinely accused of terrorism for backing not only the Israeli occupation but for its support of repressive regimes willing to terrorize their own citizens to maintain power. The anecdotal evidence points, then, to a distinction between the objects of democratic and authoritarian forms of state terrorism. Democratic regimes may foster state terrorism of populations outside their borders or perceived as alien. They do not terrorize their own populations; in a sense, they cannot since a regime that is truly based on the violent suppression of most citizens (not simply some) cease to be democratic. Dictatorships terrorize their own populations. State terrorism is a terrifically slippery concept in large part because states themselves have the power to operationally define it. Unlike non-state groups, states have legislative power to say what terrorism is and establish the consequences of the definition; they have force at their disposal; and they can lay claim to the legitimate use of violence in many ways that civilians cannot, on a scale that civilians cannot. Insurgent or terrorist groups have the only language at their disposal - they can call state violence terrorism. A number of conflicts between states and their opposition have a rhetorical dimension. Palestinian militants call Israel terrorist, Kurdish militants call Turkey terrorist, Tamil militants call Indonesia terrorist.

Free Online Public Schools for Ohio Students, K-12

Free Online Public Schools for Ohio Students, K-12 Ohio offers resident students the opportunity to take online public school courses for free. This list shows some no-cost online schools serving elementary and high school students in Ohio as of May 2017. In order to qualify for the list, schools met the following qualifications: classes available completely online, they must offer services to state residents, and they must be government funded. The virtual schools listed may be charter schools, statewide public programs, or private programs that receive government funding. Ohio Connections Academy The mission of Ohio Connections Academy (OCA) is to partner â€Å"with families, students and educators to provide a high-quality and personalized online education that meets the individual needs of students and empowers them with the skills required for success in a changing world.† OCA offers a curriculum developed by leading education experts. Instructors have been deemed â€Å"highly qualified† by the state of Ohio. Ohio Connections Academy also prides itself on creating a well-rounded experience for students, with clubs and field trips, as well as personalized teacher-student attention. OCA maintains teaching centers in the Columbus, Cleveland, and Cincinnati areas. Ohio Virtual Academy The Ohio Virtual Academy (OVHA) uses the individualized K12 curriculum, which covers core subject areas and electives. Based on decades of research, K12 has been an established leader in online education throughout the United States, packaging curriculum with high-quality lessons and mastery-based assessments to ensure that students achieve success at every level. The supportive school community arranges enjoyable and helpful monthly get-togethers for students,  parents,  and staff to share their experiences.

I want you to choose the appropriate topic Essay

I want you to choose the appropriate topic - Essay Example The government leaders of Centralia did not act on the side of the public’s interest. The public included the miners who died due to the government leaders’ faulty public administration acts. In the article â€Å"The Blast in Centralia No. 5†, there was an important need for a strong and effective public system in the Centralia, Illinois community. The article shows that 111 miners died from the mine blast. The blast occurred in Centralia, Illinois more than generations ago (Stillman, 2009). The issues that arose from the mine blast focused on the selfish interests of some government officials and the mine owners. The mine owner, Centralia Coal Company, was more interested in generating profits from the mine diggings, not the miners’ safety. The mine owners refused to implement the safety recommendations issued by the safety professionals. Likewise, the Centralia government leaders must answer for the mine blast casualties. The blast report sent to the gov ernment agency, Illinois Department of Mines and Minerals, proved some Centralia administrators were not prioritizing the public’s interest (Stillman, 2009). Further, to be more effective and efficient, the government’s political setup should focus on generating favorable outputs that benefit the community. The 28th U.S. President, Woodrow Wilson emphasized that government leaders must balance the issues of constitutional democracy and â€Å"inherent concerns for popular control and participation with the theories of efficient, professional administration, and their stress on systematic rules and internal procedures as distinct from democratic oversight and influence.† (Stillman, 2009). Wilson insists that the people MUST elect professionals that include doctors, engineer, lawyers, and others who have the political will to serve the public’s interest, during their stint as political bosses of the community. Political bosses include mayors and senators. An effective

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty Research Paper

Pros and Cons of the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example Today, close to 58 countries around the world actively employ the penalty against those who commit capital offenses. Although close to 96 countries have abolished the use of death penalties against humans, several others still have it still entrenched within their judicial systems without practicing it for at least the last ten years owing to its controversial nature. The death penalty has drawn great and uncommon controversy throughout the world with different groups and members of society taking different stands concerning the subject. In fact, the subject of death penalty is a matter of active debate even among states, nations and territories. With regard to the subject, people often take differing stands even though they may share similar political, religious and cultural ideologies. This paper discusses the subject of death penalty and will mainly focus on the pros and cons of employing the mode of punishment according to different viewers and commentators. The death penalty is the pre-meditated and planned process of killing a human being in reaction to an offence committed by the person (Banner, 2002).. Also known as capital punishment, the act is normally done by a government against a person who has legally been convicted through a legal or judicial process. There are several methods that have been employed in executing capital punishments against people accused of committing capital offenses as noted by Hood (2002). Historically, the death sentence was carried out mostly in the most painful of ways. In many ancient societies, convicts were often stoned to death while in other societies the convicts’ heads were severed using different means. For example in ancient Russia, executioners used swords to chop of the heads of those who were condemned to die while in France, the victim’s head was cut off using a guillotine. Ferocious or venomous animals were also used in some societies to cause the deaths of those who

Hemp - Miracle Plant :: essays research papers

Is there a single plant that could possibly save the world? Because of its vigor and adaptability, it was amongst the first plants to be cultivated by humans and has been used and grown by many cultures for thousands of years. Yet, today people are fined, even jailed for growing this plant because it is illegal. Lawmakers fail to see that this sole plant probably has more uses than any other material on earth.The entire plant can be utilized for over 25,000 applications. To begin, the seed is nature's perfect food. It can be ground into a meal or can be sprouted and used like other beans and seeds. In addition to the oil from the seeds have the highest percentage of essential fatty acids and the lowest percentage of saturated fats. It is also a complete source of protein and can be served as a meal in itself. Second, byproducts from the plant are an excellent source building material. It has 4 times the cellular fiber than trees, making it perfect for pressed board, particle board and concrete framework. It is longer lasting and more flexible than currently used materials. In comparison, trees take 20 years to mature while this plant only takes 4 months. Correspondingly, 1 acre of this plant produces as much as 4 acres of trees. Third, paper that is made from this plant is stronger, more water-resistant than wood pulp, is less likely to tear and is 7 times more recyclable than wood. It also uses a fraction of the dangerous chemicals used in processing wood pulp. Fiber is a fourth use. A cloth made from this plant is softer and warmer than cotton and is 6 times as strong. In addition to, the cloth is much more resistant to weathering and wear. Moving on to the fifth use, medically, a derivative of this plant has recently been proven to relieve nausea in AIDS and cancer therapy. It has been used with success in treating glaucoma, asthma, epilepsy, mood disorders, and arthritis. It increases appetite, promotes sleep and relaxation, and relieves stress and migraines. Most importantly, fossil fuels could stay in the ground. The plant produces far more and safer chemical compounds suitable for conversion to methane than any other plant. This renewable fuel contains no sulfur and while growing helps remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. For thousands of years, all good paints and varnishes were made from an oil from the plant.